The status quo and demand analysis of multi-level pre-job training for clinical nursing teachers / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the status quo of multi-level pre-job training for clinical nursing teachers and analyze their training needs, so as to provide reference for the design of pre-job training for clinical nursing teachers.Methods:A cross-sectional survey method was used to investigate 172 clinical nursing teachers in a tertiary general hospital in Harbin from April 2020 to June 2020 with multi-level pre-job training mode. The status quo of pre-job training and the training needs of teachers were analyzed. SPSS 17.0 was used to process the original data statistically.Results:Among the 172 respondents, 138 teachers (80.2%) were under 35 years old, and 133 teachers (77.3%) had a bachelor's degree or less; 89 teachers (51.7%) confirmed that hospitals or departments would carry out pre-job training in a planned and organized way, 10 teachers (5.8%) said that hospitals or departments had never organized training, 41 teachers (23.8%) had never participated in pre-job training, and 80 teachers (46.5%) had participated in pre-job training 1-3 times. There were 5 duplicates in the first 8 training contents of in-hospital training and in-department training, including knowledge of common diseases, nursing procedures, communication skills, hospital rules and regulations, and teaching methods. The total score of training demand was (154.51± 40.35) points, and the overall demand rate was 81.3%, which was at the high level. The dimensions with the highest scoring rate were legal system and humanistic literacy, with a scoring rate of 83.0%. The dimension with the lowest score was teaching management, with a score of 74.9%. The scoring rate of training needs with the highest points won nine items respectively on students' basic quality (self-supervision, willingness to learn, professional quality, etc.) (84.7%), training of legal knowledge (84.4%), incompatibility of drugs commonly used in department (84.3%), nurse etiquette (83.3%), nursing risk prevention (83.1%), evaluation methods of student education (83.1%), nurse-patient communication skills (83.0%), nurses and patients medication observation points of commonly used drugs in the department (83.0%), and effects of commonly used drugs in department (82.9%). Among the top three training forms, 84 students (48.8%) received online learning, 74 students (43.0%) received lectures from experienced teachers in hospitals, and 72 students (41.9%) received experience exchange and sharing seminars.Conclusion:The talent structure of clinical nursing teachers in this hospital is relatively young, and the first education level is low. Therefore, the pre-job training of clinical nursing teachers should be strengthened vigorously. The awareness rate and participation rate of pre-job training are average, so we should strengthen the release of training information from various channels, improve the awareness rate of training activities, clarify the encouragement or reward measures to participate in pre-job training activities, and improve the participation rate of training activities. Pre-job training content is repeated at every level, with a gap between the training needs of teachers in clinical nursing teaching. It's suggested that the teaching hospitals combine with their training objects of training needs, take the online-offline mixed mode of training, reasonably plan training contents as a whole at all levels, avoid training content repetition and waste of teachers, and organize teachers to timely exchange and share experiences.

Determination of Calycosin-7-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside and Lobetyolin in Danqi Xinmaikang boiled powders and pieces by quantitative analysis of multi-components by single maker / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To establish a quality evaluation method for the simultaneous determination of Calycosin-7-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside and Lobetyolin in Danqi Xinmaikang boiled powders and pieces.Methods:Quantitative analysis of multi-components was performed to determine contents of Calycosin-7-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside and Lobetyolin with Calycosin-7-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside as the reference substance by single-maker (QAMS). The chromatogram conditions were established, with C18 column as solid phase, acetonitrile-water as flowing phase, 268 nm as detecting wavelength, 1.0 ml/min as flowing rate, 30 ℃ as column temperature, and 10 μl as injection volume.Results:The relative correction factor between Calycosin-7-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside and Lobetyolin was 1.14. There was no significant difference of measured values between the external standard method and QAMS ( P>0.05). With Calycosin-7-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside retention time of 1.00, the relative retention time of Lobetyolin was 1.51 and RSD was less than 5%. Conclusion:It is feasible and accurate to evaluate the quality of Danqi Xinmaikang boiled powders and pieces by QAMS.

C3H/He Mice as an Incompatible Cholangiocarcinoma Model by Clonorchis sinensis, Dicyclanil and N-Nitrosodimethylamine

Clonorchis sinensis is a Group-I bio-carcinogen, associated with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The hamster is the only experimental model of C. sinensis-mediated CCA, but we oblige another animal model. The present study intended to develop a C. sinensis (Cs) mediated CCA model using C3H/He mice, co-stimulated with N-nitrosodimethyl-amine (NDMA) and dicyclanil (DC). The mice were divided into 8 groups with different combinations of Cs, NDMA, and DC. Six months later the mice were sacrificed and subjected to gross and histopathological examination. The body weights were significantly reduced among the groups treated with 2 or more agents (eg. Cs+NDMA, Cs+DC, NDMA+DC, and Cs+NDMA+DC). In contrast, liver weight percentages to body weight were increased in above groups by 4.1% to 4.7%. A Change of the spleen weight was observed only in Cs+NDMA group. Though C. sinensis infection is evident from hyperplastic changes, only 1 worm was recovered. T wo mice, 1 from Cs and the other from Cs+DC group, showed mass forming lesions; 1 (281.2 mm3) from the Cs group was a hepatocellular adenoma and the other (280.6 mm3) from the Cs+DC group was a cystic mass (peliosis). Higher prevalence of gray-white nodules was observed in Cs group (42.9%) followed by Cs+NDMA+DC group (21.4%). The mice of the Cs+NDMA+DC group showed hyper-proliferation of the bile duct with fibrotic changes. No characteristic change for CCA was recognized in any of the groups. In conclusion, C3H/He mice produce no CCA but extensive fibrosis when they are challenged by Cs, NDMA, and DC together.

In Vitro Maintenance of Clonorchis sinensis Adult Worms

Clonorchis sinensis is a biological carcinogen inducing human cholangiocarcinoma, and clonorchiasis is one of the important endemic infectious diseases in East Asia. The present study investigated survival longevity of C. sinensis adult worms in various in vitro conditions to find the best way of keeping the worms longer. The worms were maintained in 0.85% NaCl, 1xPBS, 1xLocke's solution, RPMI-1640, DMEM, and IMDM media, and in 1xLocke's solution with different supplements. All of the worms died within 3 and 7 days in 0.85% NaCl and 1xPBS, respectively, but survived up to 57 days in 1xLocke's solution. The worms lived for 106 days in DMEM, and 114 days in both RPMI-1640 and IMDM media. The survival rate in RPMI-1640 medium was the highest (50%) compared to that in DMEM (20+/-10%) and in IMDM (33.3+/-25.2%) after 3 months. The 1xLocke's solution with 0.005% bovine bile supplement showed increased duration of maximum survival from 42 days to 70 days. Higher concentration of bile supplements than 0.005% or addition of glucose were disadvantageous for the worm survival. The worms died rapidly in solutions containing L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, and adenine compared to L-arginine, L-serine, and L-tryptophan. In conclusion, the 1xLocke's solution best supports the worms alive among inorganic solutions for 57 days, and the RPMI-1640 medium maintains living C. sinensis adults better and longer up to 114 days in vitro than other media.

Influencing Factors for Cure of Clonorchiasis by Praziquantel Therapy: Infection Burden and CYP3A5 Gene Polymorphism

Chemotherapy of clonorchiasis with praziquantel (PZQ) is effective but about 15% of treated cases have been reported uncured. The present study investigated correlation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the cytochrome P450 gene, CYP3A5 and cure of clonorchiasis. A total of 346 egg passing residents were subjected and treated by 3 doses of 25 mg/kg PZQ. Reexamination recognized 33 (9.5%) uncured and 313 cured. Numbers of eggs per gram of feces (EPGs) before treatment were significantly lower in the cured group than in the uncured group (2,011.2+/-3,600.0 vs 4,998.5+/-7,012.0, PA and g.27526C>T of CYP3A5 were 15.2% and 9.1% while those were 3.8% and 1.0%, respectively, in the cured group. The cure rate was significantly lower in the cases with SNP at g.27526C>T and EPGs> or =1,000. In conclusion, EPGs and SNPs of CYP3A5 are factors which influence cure of clonorchiasis by PZQ therapy. It is strongly suggested to recommend 2-day medication for individuals with high EPGs> or =1,000.

Changing Patterns of Serum and Bile Antibodies in Re-infected Rats with Clonorchis sinensis

Rats develop strong resistance to re-infection and super-infection by Clonorchis sinensis. The present study investigated the antibodies present in the sera and bile juice of rats that were primary infected and re-infected with C. sinensis. The serum level of specific IgG antibodies, which were elevated 2 wk of the primary infection, peaked at 4 wk and subsequently remained unchanged even during re-infection. The total IgE level in serum increased slowly from 388 ng / ml to 3,426 ng / ml beginning 2 wk after the primary infection, and remained high up to 8 wk but dropped to a normal level (259 ng / ml) after treatment. In resistant re-infected rats, the serum IgE level increased rapidly and peaked within 1 wk, whereas no increase was observed in immunosuppressed rats. The serum level of specific IgA antibodies was elevated beginning 1 wk after infection, and decreased 4 wk after treatment. The total bile IgA level unchanged during the primary infection but increased in treated and re-infected rats. The elevated levels of serum IgE and bile IgA indicate that these immunoglobulins may be correlated with the development of resistance to re-infection by C. sinensis in rats.

Changing Patterns of Serum and Bile Antibodies in Re-infected Rats with Clonorchis sinensis

Rats develop strong resistance to re-infection and super-infection by Clonorchis sinensis. The present study investigated the antibodies present in the sera and bile juice of rats that were primary infected and re-infected with C. sinensis. The serum level of specific IgG antibodies, which were elevated 2 wk of the primary infection, peaked at 4 wk and subsequently remained unchanged even during re-infection. The total IgE level in serum increased slowly from 388 ng / ml to 3,426 ng / ml beginning 2 wk after the primary infection, and remained high up to 8 wk but dropped to a normal level (259 ng / ml) after treatment. In resistant re-infected rats, the serum IgE level increased rapidly and peaked within 1 wk, whereas no increase was observed in immunosuppressed rats. The serum level of specific IgA antibodies was elevated beginning 1 wk after infection, and decreased 4 wk after treatment. The total bile IgA level unchanged during the primary infection but increased in treated and re-infected rats. The elevated levels of serum IgE and bile IgA indicate that these immunoglobulins may be correlated with the development of resistance to re-infection by C. sinensis in rats.

Tissue parasitic helminthiases are prevalent at Cheongjin, North Korea

We investigated a small-scale serological survey to screen tissue-parasitic helminthiases of North Koreans as one of research programs for re-unification of Korea. Soil-transmitted helminthiases were found highly prevalent among North Korean residents at the border with China. ELISA using 4 tissue-parasitic helminth antigens was applied to 137 residents living in Cheongjin-shi, Hamgyeongbuk-do, North Korea and 133 female refugees in South Korea in 2004-2005. Among a total of 270 samples, 31 (11.5%), 25 (9.3%), and 11 (4.1%) were positive for specific IgG antibodies to antigens of Clonorchis sinensis, Taenia solium metacestode, and sparganum, respectively. The overall positive rate was 21.5%; 38.2% in males and 15.8% in females. The present finding suggests that tissue parasites, such as C. sinensis, T. solium metacestode and sparganum are highly prevalent in some limited areas of North Korea. These foodborne tissue-parasitic helminthiases should be considered for future control measures of parasitic diseases in North Korea.

Metacercarial proteins interacting with WD40-repeat protein of Clonorchis sinensis

The WD40-repeat proteins serve as a platform coordinating partner proteins and are involved in a range of regulatory cellular functions. A WD40-repeat protein (CsWD1) of Clonorchis sinensis previously cloned is expressed stage-specifically in the tegumental syncytium of C. sinensis metacercariae. In the present study, interacting proteins with the CsWD1 protein was purified by immunoprecipitation and 2 dimension gel electrophoresis from the C. sinensis metacercaria soluble extract, and tryptic peptides were analyzed by LC/ESI-MS. Putative partner proteins were annotated to be actin-2, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and hypothetical and unmanned proteins. The CsWD1 protein was predicted to contain 3 conserved actin-interacting residues on its functional surface. With these results, the CsWD1 protein is suggested to be an actin-interacting protein of C. sinensis.

Status of intestinal helminthic infections of borderline residents in North Korea

The present authors investigated intestinal parasitic infections among North Korean residents and refugees in China in 2003. The Kato-Katz method was applied to 236 residents and soldiers in a town on the North Korea-China border and to 46 people at a refugee camp in China. Only eggs of Ascaris and Trichuris were detected, with egg positive rates of 41.1% and 37.6%, respectively. The total egg positive rate was 55.0% and most of those who were egg positive were only lightly infected. Women of 61.2% and men of 53.1% were egg positive. The refugees from rural areas showed higher egg positive rates than those from urban areas. The present investigation confirmed high prevalence of soil-transmitted intestinal helminths in rural borderline areas of North Korea.

Organ-specific antigens of Clonorchis sinensis

This study was carried out to find out specific proteins from different organs of Clonorchis sinensis. Crude extract, organ-specific and excretory-secretory (ES) proteins were analyzed by immunoblot with infected human sera. The bands of 7- and 17-kDa were main component of intestinal fluid and ES protein and commonly found in all organspecific proteins. The 17-kDa protein was observed from ES antigen, intestinal fluid, eggs and sperms, 26- and 28- kDa proteins were from the uterus, vitellaria, and ovary, and 34-, 37-, 43- and 50-kDa proteins were mainly from the testis and sperms. Serum of mice immunized with sperms reacted to the 50-kDa protein by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical staining showed a positive reaction at the seminal receptacle and seminiferous tubule. The present results show that the 7-kDa protein is a common antigen of every part or organ of C. sinensis, but different organs express their specific antigenic protein bands.

Bile duct changes in rats reinfected with Clonorchis sinensis

This study describes an evaluation of the sonographic, cholangiographic, pathological, and immunological findings, and the protective effect shown by rats reinfected with Clonorchis sinensis. Eight experimental rat groups were, namely, a normal control, a primary infection control, a reinfection I (reinfection 7 week after treatment following 3-week infection), a reinfection II (reinfection 2 week after treatment following 8-week infection), a reinfection III (exploration of the intrahepatic bile ducts 1 week after reinfection 4 week after treatment following 4-week infection), a superinfection, a secondary infection control, and an infection following immunization group. Sonographic and cholangiographic findings showed moderate or marked dilatation of the bile duct confluence in the primary infection control, reinfection II, and secondary infection control groups. Juvenile worms survived in the intrahepatic bile ducts 1 week after reinfection following treatment in the reinfection III group. It was concluded that reinfecting juvenile worms found during the first week following reinfection failed to survive or grow further. Anatomical, pathophysiological, or immunological changes may induce protection from reinfection in rats.

Development of resistance to reinfection by Clonorchis sinensis in rats

We investigated the induction of resistance to Clonorchis sinensis infection by prior infection in rat and hamster models. Animals were challenged with C. sinensis metacercariae, then treated with praziquantel and reinfected. Worm recovery rate in reinfected animals was used to estimate resistance to reinfection. The determined resistance rates to reinfection in rats and hamsters were 97.7% and 10.3%, respectively. In rats, cure from the primary infection of C. sinensis increased resistant to reinfection, and the greatert the worm burden and the longer the duration of primary infection, the higher was the resistance rate. For primary infection doses of 10, 40 and 100 metacercariae per rat, the resistance rates were 87.4%, 93.8% and 98.4%, respectively. The resistance rates in rats after 2 or 8-week primary infection were 78.7% and 95.3%, respectively. All worms recovered from reinfected rats were immature. When cured rats were administered with methylprednisolone, resistance to reinfection became impaired. These findings indicate that rats develop a high degree of resistance to reinfection by C. sinensis after cure. The growths and maturations of reinfected worms were also impaired.

Excretory-secretory antigen is better than crude antigen for the serodiagnosis of clonorchiasis by ELISA

Although stool examination is the standard diagnostic method of clonorchiasis, serodiagnosis by ELISA using crude antigen is now widely used because of its convenience. However, ELISA diagnosis still suffers from cross-reactions, and therefore there is a need to improve the present conventional ELISA. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic value of ELISA using excretory-secretory antigen (ESA) instead of crude antigen (CA) of Clonorchis sinensis. The diagnostic sensitivity of ELISA using excretory-secretory antigen was 92.5%, which was higher than that of ELISA using crude Clonorchis sinensis antigen (88.2%). In addition, the specificity of excretory-secretory antigen was found 93.1% while that of crude antigen was 87.8%. In summary, Clonorchis sinensis ESA was found to be a better serodiagnostic antigen than CA for ELISA.

Specific and common antigens of Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini (Opisthorchidae, Trematoda)

The antigenic characterizations and serological reactions of human liver flukes, Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini, were analyzed by immunoblot. The antigenic profiles of the crude extract of Clonorchis contained major proteins of 8, 26-28, 34-37, 43, and 70 kDa, and those of Opisthorchis 34-37, 43, 70, and 100 kDa. Of these, the 8, 26-28 and 34-37 kDa bands of Clonorchis and the 100 kDa of Opisthorchis were major components of each excretory-secretory antigen. The 8 and 26-28 kDa bands were specific to Clonorchis but the 100 kDa of Opisthorchis cross-reacted with the sera of clonorchiasis, and the 34-37, 70 and 100 kDa bands cross-reacted with sera of other helminthiases. The frequency and intensity of the immunoblot reactions were positively correlated with the intensity of the liver fluke infection.

In vitro Effect of Allitridium on the Ultrastructure of Acanthamoeba castellanii / 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志

Acanthamoeba castellanii(T4)was cultured with different concentrations of allitridium for 24 hours, and examined by transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the ultrastructure of Acanthamoeba trophozoites was destroyed gently at concentration of 50 ?g/ml allitridium and seriously destroyed under the concentration of 500 ?g/ml, indicating that allitridium is effective in destroying Acanthamoeba.